STANDING ON A FIRM FOUNDATION
By
Joseph A. Walkes, Jr.
And he will turn the hearts of the fathers
to the children, and the hearts of the
children to their fathers, ...
Malachi 4:6
And we had obtained the records which
the Lord had commanded us, and
searched them and found that they
were desirable; yea, even of great
worth unto us, insomuch that we
could preserve the commandments
of the lord unto our children
1 Nephi 5:21
The Book of Mormon
Dedicated to the Memory of
Cyril Clark Carol Walkes
Who had the greatest impact on the family
Barbados
WALK/WALKE/WALKES
Barbados is a small, densely populated West Indian island. Its area, (166 square miles) is only one-fourth greater than that of the city of Philadelphia. But in spite of this small size, its fortunate location and fertile soil have enabled it to play a major part in the economic and political development of the Caribbean area.
Barbados is situated at about 13° north latitude, and 100 miles east of the main chain of the Lesser Antilles. It is almost exactly southwest from the Azores (2,100 miles) and from England (3,600 miles). Barbados appears flat as one approaches it and may easily be mistaken for a low-lying bank of clouds on the horizon. Because of the outlying coral reefs, vessels usually approach the island from the leeward. From this side, the island appears like a garden with its gentle westward slope interrupted by long natural “terraces.” [1] When flying into the island, I was struck by the serene beauty and transparency of its surrounding waters, whose clear depths could be viewed from the plane, as it approached the airfield.
There are three harbors which might be used by transatlantic vessels: Carlisle Bay, Oistin Bay, and Speights Bay. All are on the leeward coast, and each has its settlement, but the only important port at present, is Bridgetown on Carlisle Bay, which almost monopolizes the shipping of the island. Bridgetown is a busy bustling city with a large share of modern shops such as the Walkes Pharmacy operated by the late Hugh Clarence Walkes, of which more will be said. However, The Walkes did not seem to reside in Bridgetown, over all, but in St. Peter, St. Andrew and St. Thomas Parishes.
Barbados was first occupied by Arawak and later, by Carib Indians. Whether these Indian settlers lived by fishing, hunting, farming, or a combination of these is uncertain. In any case, the Indians had deserted Barbados by 1536 when Pedro a Campos, a Portuguese navigator, visited it. [2]
Barbados in 1647 to 1650 had Indian slaves imported from the mainland of the United States and other islands. The women were used as house servants and the men as hunters; they seem not to have been used as field hands. A century later Governor Robinson reported that Barbados had no Indian slaves.
The Mosquito Coast of Central America, was the region most frequented by English traders in quest of Indian slaves. They sold the natives goods at very high prices and long credit. The mode of payment set on foot by British settlers was for the natives to hunt the other surrounding tribes of Indians, seize them by strategy or force and deliver them to the English traders as slaves at certain prices in discharge of their debts. The English conveyed them to the British and French sugar settlements, where they were sold.[3]
Within a few years a small group of Arawaks had been persuaded to move there from Surinam and assist the islanders in their agriculture. They were subsequently enslaved but by the early 1650’s were either dead or had been returned to the South American mainland.[4] Indian slaves were few and unfit for hard toil on the plantations.
The first non-Amerindian settlement in Barbados was established in 1627, when a small group of Englishmen arrived directly from England, bringing with them a handful of Africans captured during the sea voyage. In its early years, the island’s cash economy rested on the production of tobacco, cotton, and indigo, which were grown on relatively small farms that were largely but not exclusively, cultivated by free and indentured Europeans. The island’s white population grew rapidly, and the already established slave trade continued to bring Africans to Barbadian shores. Over time, there were marketing and other difficulties with the main cash crops, and, as a consequence, the commercial growth of sugar cane was encouraged.
Although the cane plant had been brought to Barbados during the first year of the colony’s life, it was not then grown as a cash crop; in the late 1630’s, however, Dutchmen from Brazil reintroduced the plant, and more important, the technical knowledge to grind the cane and produce sugar. With the aid of Dutch capital and credit, Barbados became the first British possession in the Caribbean to cultivate sugar on a large scale, and during the 1640’s its economy was transformed into one based upon plantation production and slave labor. [5]
It was of course through slavery that the Walkes name and pedigree came into being in Barbados. It has indeed been a struggle to trace the name to its Barbadian - African roots. There were at least 54 plantations in Barbados, one being the Ashton Hall Plantation with two hundred plus acres the owners being the Harrison and Walke families in the 18th century. [6] Both names were of elite white families in the Eighteenth Century, and both names today are prominent in the African-Walkes Genealogy.
There was on the island three populations, enslaved Black’s, the free white population and a third group composed of freed persons of mixed or African ancestry. While doing research at the Genealogical Library at Salt Lake City, Utah, I came across the following names and information:
Thomas Walke - Free Negro buried Oct. 13, 1796[7]
Abram Walke - Free Negro died June 8, 1798[8]
The reported slave population in 1780 was 68,270.[9] The status of Thomas and Abram both being free, that is, free born or manumitted, is evidence that in the early history of the Walkes ancestry, some had broken the chains of slavery by being declared freedman, freeborn or manumitted, they were as Governor Seaforth declared in a letter to Lord Hobart June 6, 1802, as being the unapproriated people. However, manumission was discouraged by law in Barbados, which heavily fined a master who freed a slave in the eighteenth century, and perhaps in the case of Thomas and Abram, when slaves became incapable of labor they were often turned from the plantations under pretense of giving them freedom.[10] In 1796, it was estimated that there was a total of 838 freemen in Barbados, though the number might have been deflated. Most concentrated in the Parish of St. Michael (Bridgetown).[11] These free persons were accorded a variety of privileges and rights which were not extended to slaves, but because of their racial ancestry they were denied other privileges and rights which white society reserved for itself.[12]
As seen by my research the name Walk and Walke is ambiguous and were usually phonetic pronunciations of Walkes, this being born out in this work.[13] It has been said, what ever the archivist or minister thought he heard, he wrote down, and so the spelling often differed. [14] What makes research into the subject more difficult, not only the distance from the source of the information from the United States, but the fact that the usual methods used in this type of research is not too readily available.
There are no known books or pamphlets written by freemen, no freedman newspapers existed during the slave period, and there are very few known letters by freedmen. Thus, the vast majority of sources were written by whites, most of whom are affected in one way or another by class and racial biases, and who were not particularly interested in describing at length with dispassion, or with sympathy the island’s freeman population. In general, then, the very nature of the source materials often makes it difficult not only to probe a variety of areas of the freedmen life but also to write with assurance about his perspectives and values.[15] My one trip to Barbados did little to uncover the sources needed for a more complete study.
Despite the free status of the Blacks in Barbados, the position of the free Black population throughout the period of slavery was a tenuous one, since they enjoyed few civil rights. It was a struggle to obtain equal rights which occupied most of their energies during the first three decades of the nineteenth century. The free Blacks constituted part of a broader subordinate group, separated from the white subordinate group by race. Mobility from one group to another was precluded on the basis of color. Yet, within the subordinate group of black and racially mixed, the free Blacks constituted a separate and distinct entity which was itself stratified in terms of class and color (degree of racial admixture). [16]
In researching the Walkes ancestry, I have found no racial color distinction listed, the early Walkes were of course slaves, and subject to the sexual exploits of their Masters, but here again, further research is needed. It is said that certain Black social characteristics may be cultural for example the tendency to organize into friendly societies, lodges, and the like may be an inheritance from the societies of West Africa,[17] and some might think would be a key to tracing the line back to mother Africa.
The African slaves in greatest demand came from the Gold Cost. There the warlike Ashanti Africans in the eighteenth century conquered neighboring tribes: thousands of prisoners of war were sold by that tribe to native traders at the great slave market at Mansu.[18] I will attempt to further explore this part of the research in the next portion of the work.
While there is for instance an abundance of musicians in the Walkes line, only the masters could have thought of the term “friendly society” in this cruel and evil practice of slavery. There of course was no friendly society only a slave community which impacted all who lived on the island. Slavery ended in Barbados on August 1, 1834.
As mention, the Walkes line seem to have resided in the Parish of St. Andrew, St. Peter and St. Thomas, but the records of the direct line of my ancestry starts at the year 1855 in some cases, through the marriage of my great-great Grandfather Francis Benjamin Walkes to Maria Small (or Smale), which is recorded 27 November 1852. However, the records of the Parish goes back to 1825. [19] The Walkes attended the Chapel of St. Simon and St. Saviour both at St. Andrew, and several of Francis Benjamin’s children were baptized there.
In order to discover the name, we must go back to the history of two Caucasian families, the Harrison and Walke(s). The Harrison family was established from very early times and certainly prior to the year 1638 when Edward and William Harrison are known to have been residents and landowners in Barbados. With the exception of the parish of Saint Joseph, the records of all the island parishes abound in evidence of the increase and activities of this family, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is remarkable, therefore, that not a single male representative of any branch of the family is now living in this island, although a sugar-work plantation in St. Lucy still bears the name Harrison’s,[20] and of course the Black branch of that name remains in Barbados.
The main interest in the Harrison family lies in the life and career of Thomas Harrison, who founded the Harrison Free School in the year 1732, which with unbroken continuity still exists and flourishes as Harrison College. The baptisms of the Thomas Harrison children are all entered in the Registers of St. Michael. It is through the wills left by the Harrison families, that we can trace the Walkes name, as well as the two plantations that are key to the research of the Walkes. For example: “To my son John Harrison the plantation in the parish of St. Andrew called the Overhill and also my plantation in St. Peter called Ashton Hall, with the negroes, cattle, stock, etc....”[21]
On January 31, 1737 Thomas Harrison daughter Mary who had been baptized 1722 at the age of fifteen married John Walk(es) [22] of Walke(s) plantation in St. Thomas. [23] From this marriage came the following children, John, Robert, Harrison, Thomas, Mary Abigail, Sarah and Jane Walke.[24] However in the will of John Harrison, there is mentioned of another daughter of John and Mary that being Eleanor Walk, and of a son George. [25].
Included also in John Harrison will: “To my nephew Harrison Walk 9 acres of land in St. Thomas adjoining the plantation of my brother-in-law, John Walk, called Walk... (? Spring) Plantation..... To another nephew “... Thomas Harper Harrison at (age) 23 Ashton Hall plantation, St. Peter...”[26]
It is interesting to note the later owners of the property. Ashton Hall in St. Peter was owned by Harrison Walkes Sober from 1842 through 1879, with 332 acres. Sober died in 1863, but property remained in his name. From 1870 to 1891 it was owned by Harrison W. J. Walkes 1892 to 1898 the property was held by Col. H. W. J. Trent, I believe the name was Harrison Walkes John Trent. 1898 the property is recorded to be owned by T. Trent and then from 1899 to 1907 by Col. Trent-Troughton. In 1912 the property was reduced to 213 acreage and owned by A.P. Ward ltd until 1921. From 1929 through 1935 the property was reduced even further to 80 acres and was held by T. W. B. O’Neal.
The Walkes Spring Plantation in St. Thomas was owned by the same families mentioned above, until 1912 when it went from 299 acres with the addition of the Rose Cottage to 328 acres and owned by Mrs. C. E. Fleming. 1921 to 1929 by R. A. Farmer and 1934 on the 328 acres belonged to the Da Costa & Company Ltd. [27]
Windmills began to appear in Barbados towards the end of the 17th century and continued to be constructed through the 18h and 19th centuries. In some cases, in the 19th Century especially, the date of the mill was cut in the wall and there is scarcely any other record, as estates changed hands frequently during periodic crises. Certain of the early proprietors went further and had their family crests sculptured in stone. The mill at Ashton Hall, bears the date of January 1, 1880 as well as the family name Trent-Troughton.[28]
Da Costa & Co., the owner of the Walkes Spring Plantation is one of interest as well, as it deals with the all powerful Barbados Shipping and Trading Company, Ltd. which was organized on November 29, 1920. The merchant class was one that benefited from an injection of new blood. Samuel Paynter Musson came to Barbados from Bermuda about 1830. He, his son and David Da Costa are examples of this injection of new blood. David Da Costa came from Madeira via St. Vincent. The Da Costa line was well known in the United States as a slave transporting family. He founded the firm Da Costa & Co. in 1868. He was the first person to bring a regular ship service to Barbados - the Harrison Line. He also opened the Barbados sugar and molasses market to buyers from New York to Canada. The Mussons had already taken tentative steps in the same direction.
The sugar planters now depended on Da Costa & Co, S. P. Musson & Co., and a handful of others to ship their sugar regardless of who had brought it to them. They depended on the merchants to sell them plantation supplies. Several of the big plantations, six in number, pooled their resources to form Plantations Ltd. The company was incorporated to purchase supplies at wholesale prices and to sell them to the shareholders In return, the company bought sugar, molasses and rum from the shareholders at market price, made its own shipping arrangements, brought warehousing and opened a retail outlet. The shareholders of Plantations Ltd, controlled both ends of the industry - the supplies and shipping, as were produced on their plantations.
The formation of the Barbados Shipping & Trading Company, Ltd., did for commercial property what the law of primogeniture did for real estate. It kept the money or control of money concentrated in a few hands. Da Costa & Co started as a family company. David Da Costa had sons, they all had children, who in turn had sons and daughters. With each generation, the control of the business became diluted, although temporarily solved by the admission to the partnership of two of the grandsons-in-law of the founder and the rest is history. Da Costa & Co. owned the Walkes Spring Plantation as shown above. [29]
Most of the arable land in Barbados was privately owned by white Barbadians. Who intermarried to keep their power intact. For instance Jennett Sober married Thomas Walkes. Harrison Walkes Sober great nephew of Thomas married Judith Sober on 19 February 1818, and as they died off the property passed from one generation to the other. There were no Crown lands, no mountains or forests for the freed slaves to run to and set up their own small subsistence plots. In Barbados, the freed slaves had no alternative but to stay put or leave Barbados for Demerar, Cuba, the U.S.A. or Panama, which will be shown that the Walkes family did in fact.
In his will of 9 June 1766, Robert Harrison of St. Peter it is recorded “I set free my negro woman Betty and give her 150 (English pounds) and two mulatto girl slaves, Phillis and Rachel. I set free my negro women Grace and give her 100 (English pounds) and a mulatto girl slave Mary. The will gave a house to be provided for Grace and Betty.[30]
Sexual relations between whites and blacks in Barbados were very loose, in short the whites got what they wanted in so far as black women. It is reported in the 1830’s that nineteen out of every twenty mulattos were illegitimate, “concubinage” was practiced among the highest classes. Young merchants and others who were unmarried, on first going to the island, regularly engaged black females to live with them as housekeepers and mistresses and it was not unusual for a man to have more than one. The morals of the estates were deplorable. The managers and overseers, commonly unmarried, left no female virtue unattempted. Those who yielded were sometimes rewarded, but those who did not were flogged or imprisoned. Slave masters would rent their attractive females at so much a month as bed mates to naval and military officers stationed on the island.[31]
In a will by Mary Harrison of Speightstown, St. Peter, an unmarried spinster, ( not to be confused with Mary Harrison Walke(s) ) dated 8 July 1771 “To my brother, John Harrison, a negro women slave, Philady and her two sons Romeo and Sandy to wait on him during his life, and after his death to my niece Susanna Harrison.... I manumit my slave Mary and give 400 (English Pounds) to be invested for her life, and give her my two slaves Sarey and Juliet for her life.”[32]
Through baptism records we know that in 1690 there was a Jonothan and Mary Walke(s) on the island, as a daughter Jane was baptized February 18, 1690.[33] She is again mentioned on September 15, 1692. [34] Therefore from these two sources it is know that the Walkes was on the island from at least 1690.
Of the children of John Walke(s) and Mary Harrison Walke(s) we learn that Thomas was born on the 14th of March 1738 and baptized March 24th. [35] And on 17 May 1797 when he was 59 years old, would have baptized “Martha a negro slave the property of Thomas Walk(?)”[36]
Abagail was baptized on 1 February 1749[37], George 20 June 1752 [38], Jane 12 December 1757 [39], ___gant, 4 November 1728 (?) [40] though this person is listed as a daughter of John and Mary, there is without a doubt an error in the records, as Mary would have only been only six years old.
The number of variations on the name of Walkes is interesting. Few areas in Britain have produced as many notable families in world history , such as the names Armstrong, Nixon, Graham, Bell, Carson, Hume, Irving, Lock, Rutherford, as the Border region of England and Scotland. The family name Walkes is included in this group.
Researchers have confirmed the first documented history of this name in lowland Scotland and northern England, tracing it through many ancient manuscripts, including private collections of historical and genealogical records, the Inquisition, the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, the Ragman Rolls, The Hearth Rolls, the Doomsday Book, parish cartularies, baptismal, and tax rolls. The first record of the name Walkes was found in Dumfriessshire where they had been seated in Wauchopedale from about the year 1150. Robert de Wauchope was one of twelve knights who negotiated the law of the border territories in 1249.
Different spellings of the name were found in the archives researched, typically linking each alternate to the root source of the surname. The surname Walkes, occurred in many references, from time to time the surname was spelt Waugh, Wauchope, Warcup, Warcop, Waughe, Walge, Wach, Walcht, and these changes in spelling frequently occurred, even between father and son. As in Barbados, scribes and church officials recorded the name from its sound.
The family name Walkes is believed to be descended originally from the Strathclyde Britons. The ancient founding race of the north were a mixture of Gaelic/Celts whose original territories ranged from Lancashire in the south, northward to the south bank of the River Clyde in Scotland.
Tracing its ancient development, the name Walkes was found in Lanarkshire. The abbreviation of Waugh created a separate branch of the clan, and David Waugh of Lanarkshire, Robert Waugh of Heap, rendered homage to King Edward I of England on his brief conquest of Scotland in 1296. This latter person may have been the same as Robert de Wauchope who also rendered homage for the Wauchopes. The Waughs of Heap or Hope in Wilton, in Roxburghire, held their lands from the `13th to the 17th century. Both branches of this border clan played a significant role in border life. The Wauchopes were registered in Scotland Parliament as a border clan with its own chief in 1590. Edward Waugh was forgiven his part in a murder as a follower of the Earl of Cassilis. Jointly this name held many territories as far north as Aberdeen, and traded freely with England. In 1672 the principal branches were Edminston, Niddrie, and Larkhall. The name Wauchope fell out of favor in later years but was replaced by Warcup and Warcop, even Walkup in Cumberland and Westmorland as this disbanded clan moved their flocks south from the border into Yorkshire. Notable amongst the family at this time was Robert de Wauchope.
By the year 1000 A.D., border life was in turmoil. In 1246, 6 Chiefs from the Scottish side and 6 from the English side met at Carlisle and produced a set of laws governing all the border Clans. These were unlike any laws prevailing in England or Scotland or, for that matter, anywhere else in the world. For example, it was a far greater offense to refuse to help a neighbor recover his property, wife, sheep, cattle or horses than it was to steal them in the first place. Hence the expression “Hot Trod”, or, in hot pursuit, is eaily explained from which we get the modern day expression, “Hot to Trot”. For refusal of assistance during a “Hot Trod”, a person could be hanged on the instant, without trial. Frequently, the descendants of these clans or families apologetically refer to themselves as being descended from “Cattle or horse thieves” when, in fact, it was an accepted code of life on the border.
In 1603, the unified English and Scottish crowns under James Ist dispersed these “unruly border clans”, clans which had served loyally in the defense of each side. The unification of the governments was threatened and it was imperative that the old “border code” should be broken up. Hence, the Border Clans were banished to England, northern Scotland and to Ireland. Some were outlawed directly to Ireland, the Colonies and the New World.
Many Border Clans settled in Northern Ireland, transferred between 1650 and 1700 with grants of land provided they “undertook” to remain Protestant. Hence they became known as the “Undertakers”. Many became proudly Irish. Five families of Waugh transferred to Ulster in Armagh.
But life in Ireland was little more rewarding and they sought a more challenging life. They looked to the New World and sailed aboard the “White Sales” an armada of sailing ships such as the Hector, the Rambler, and the Dove which struggled across the stormy Atlantic. Some ships lost 30 or 40% of their passenger list, migrants who were buried at sea having died from dysentery, cholera, small pox, and typhoid.
In North America, some of the first migrants which could be considered kinsmen of the family name Walkes and their spelling variants included Mathew Waugh, a soldier, settled in St. John’s Newfoundland, in 1837: John Wauchope settled in Philadelphia in 1825; Dorothy Waugh settled in New England in 1656; James and John Waugh settled in Charles Town, S.C., in 1767; William Waugh settled in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1788; Helen Waugh, her husband and child, settled in Savannah, Georgia, in 1820. The migrants formed wagon trains westward, rolling west to the prairies, or the west coast. During the American War of Independence those that remained loyal to the Crown moved north into Canada and became known as the United Empire Loyalists.
There were many notable contemporaries of this name Walkes, Sir Patrick Wauichope, Horticulturist; Alec Waugh, American Author; Auberon Waugh, Privat eye; Evelyn Waugh, Author. Research has determined that there was a Coat of Arms to be the most ancient recorded for the family surname Walkes. [41]
England is the source of the name Walkes, and it is in England where there is a large compilation of Barbadian manuscripts, however attempting to locate all of the Walkes names would be a task of monumental proportion. I was able to locate some of the Walkes living in England, through the vast genealogical sources of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City, Utah:
Walkes, Edward married 27 February 1592 to Martha Fox Broomfield, Shropshire, England
Walkes, Ann, married in 1602 to William Fellows, Broadway Worchester, England
Walkes, Jane, married 31 May 1605 to John Rodon, High Ercall, Shropshire, England
Walkes, Janal, married 23 April 1618 to Johannis Hill Whalley, Lancashire, England
Walkes, James, married 31 March 1664 to Agnes Lichton, Saint Nicholas, Aberdeen, England
Walkes, Henry christened 8 May 1664, father, Henry Walkes Romaldkirk, Yorkshire, England
Walkes, Elizabeth christened 29 July 1677, the daughter of Richard and Elizabeth Walkes, Saint Mary, Magdalene, Old Fish Street, London, England
Walkes, Johannes, christened 7 April 1711, father Jo. Walkes Elland, Yorkshire, England
Walkes, Sarah, christened 21 March 1720, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth Walkes, Holy Cross,Pershore, Worchester England
Walkes, William married 22 October 1761 to Mary Harrison, Duffield, Derby, England
Walkes, Jonathan christened 4 July 1800 son of John and Ann Walkes, Bolton On Swale, Yorkshire, England
Walkes, Hannah, married 13 May 1802 to William Harrison Cathedral, Manchester, Lancashire, England
Walkes, Jane, married 9 August 1802 to William Hopkins Saint Martin, Birminghan, Warwick, England
Walkes, Susanna, married 12 January 1810 to William Bates, Saint Matthew, Bethal Green, London, England.
Walkes, Letitia, christened 17 March 1811 daughter of William and Letitia Walkes, Cathedral, Manchester, Lancashire, England.
Walkes, Mary christend 20 May 1813 daughter of John and Mary Walkes, Coughton, Wawick, England
Walkes, Henry Macdonld, christened 28 June 1814, son of Simon and Marianne Walkes, Aston Juxta, Birmingham, Warwick, England
Walkes, Mary christened 15 March 1818 daughter of Thomas and Elizbeth Walkes, Patrington, Yorkshire, England
Walkes, Samuel, christened 25 February 1819 th son of John and Margaret Walkes, Saint John The Baptist, Croydon, Surrey, England
Walkes, William, married 7 April 1819 to Mary Holden at Kirby Stephen, Westmoreland, England
Walkes, Simon, married 18 December 1820 to Ann George Saint Peter Or Collegiate, Wolverhampton, Stafford, England
Walkes, Sarah, christened 11 July 1822, daughter of Thomas and Ann, Saint Bartholomew, Wednesbhury, Stafford, England.
Walkes, William, christened 11 April 1824 the son of William and Jane Walkes, Brierley Hill, Stafford, England.
Walkes, Martin, married 18 October 1829 to Elizabeth Porter, Saint Peter Or Collegiate, Wolverhampton, Stafford, England
Walkes, Thomas, baptized 17 August 1830 the son of Thomas and Elizabeth Walkes, monkwearmouth, Durham England.
Walkes, Squire christened 23 January 1831 the son of Joseph and Jane Walkes, East Ardsley, Yorkshire, England.
Walkes, Thomas Shadford, christened 8 September 1835 the son of Joseph Walkes and Sarah Shadford, Lower
Street Wesleyan, Newcaster under Lyme, Stafford, England
Walkes, Esther, married 4 January 1837 to Charles Thomas Wakefield Parry, Saint Clement Danes, Westminster, London, England
Walkes, Helena baptized 12 May 1866 daughter of William Walkes and Mary Jennings, 0549, Headford, Galway, Ireland
[1] Otis P. Starkey, The Economic Geography of Barbados (New York, Columbia University Press, 1939) p. 4.
[2] Ibid, p. 51.
[3] Frank Wesley Pitman, “Slavery on British West India Plantations”, Volume II, Journal of Negro History, p. 588
[4] E. G. Breslaw, “Price’s - His Deposition”: Kidnapping Amerindians in Guyana, 1674 (The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society, Volume XXXIX, 1991, p. 47.
[5] Jerome S. Handler, The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, b1974), p.7.
[6] Karl Watson, The Civilized Island Barbados: A Social History 1750-1816 (Barbados, Caribbean Graphic Production Limited, 1979) P. 35.
[7] Vol. 39, P. 72, Microfilm # 1157960.
[8] Vol. 39, P. 76, St Peters both above.
[9] Watson, op cit, p. 21.
[10] Frank Wesley Pittman, Slavery on British West India Plantations in the Eighteenth Century, Journal of Negro History, Volume 11, pp 615-616.
[11] Handler, p. 15.
[12] Handler, p. 1.
[13] At the Westbury Cemetery, a large public cemetery in the Parish of St. Michael is the following tombstones: “In Loving Memory of our dear father - Jos. N. Walke 1874 - 1953, and mother - Mary E. Walke 1872 - 1953. R.I.P. and right next to it: “In Loving Memory of our dear father Hugh Clarence Walkes 1919 - 1978” Note the different spelling of the surnames even though they were obviously the same family as the graves touched one another. Letter from Mrs. Joy Hunt, 29 April 1982.
[14] “You will note the different spelling ... on the detail of the certificates - the Chief Archivist tells me that whatever the minister thought he heard, he wrote down. I don’t suppose that many of his parishioners could read and write and if he didn’t know how to spell a particular name, he wrote down what he thought it was - I am convinced that that is why there are so many errors.” Letter from Mrs. Joy Hunt, 2 June 1982.
[15] Handler, op cit, p. 4
[16] Watson, P. 99.
[17] Starkley, op cit, p.7
[18] Pitman, op cit, p. 589.
[19] Letter from Mrs. Joy Hunt, St. Michael, Barbados, 14 April 1982.
[20] Genealogies of Barbados Families, James C. Brandow, p. 287.
[21] Ibid, p. 301.
[22] Ibid, p. 292
[23] Ibid, p. 620.
[24] Ibid
[25] Ibid, p. 302.
[26] Ibid, p. 303.
[27] information referring to the ownership and acreage provided by Betty Carrillo Shannon of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society on 29 October 1998.
[28] Vol 31, 1964, Barbados Museum and Historical Society Journal.
[29] A History of the Barbados Shipping Y Trading Co. Ltd., 1920-1995.
[30] Ibid, pp 304-305.
[31] J. A. Rogers, Sex and Race: A History of White, Negro, and Indian Miscegentation in the Two Americas, Vol II. (New York, Helga M. Rogers, 1980), pp 133-134.
[32] Brandow, op cit, p. 305.
[33] Barbados Records: Baptisms 1637-1800 compiled and edited by Joanne Mcree Sanders (Baltimore, Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1984) p. 31.
[34] Ibid, p. 33.
[35] Ibid, p. 107.
[36] Ibid, p. 236.
[37] Ibid, p. 124.
[38] Ibid, p. 127.
[39] Ibid, p. 136.
[40] Ibid, p. 517
[41] The Hall of Names, Inc,., Certification number 943323-11.09-5609.
[42] International Genealogical Index (TM) 1988 Edition.